AN EVALUATION REPORT ON HOW THE ENVIRONMENT IS EFFECTED BY GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE

Green infrastructure and urban development go hand in hand. A network of natural and semi-natural areas, such as parks, green roofs, urban forests, and green walls, is referred to as "green infrastructure" and offers numerous environmental, social, and economic advantages. Green infrastructure may improve biodiversity, lessen the effects of urban heat islands, reduce air and water pollution, and give locals more recreational options. On the other side, urban development describes the process of constructing and increasing urban areas to meet changing urban needs and a growing urban population. Depending on the planning and administration of urban infrastructure, urban development can have either beneficial or bad effects on the environment and human health. Urban development that is resilient, sustainable, and egalitarian can be advanced by green infrastructure. Green infrastructure can be included into urban architecture and planning so that communities can: Green infrastructure can help to improve environmental quality by lowering water and air pollutants, reducing the effects of urban heat islands, and boosting biodiversity. This may result in a healthier, more sustainable urban environment and better environmental quality. Green infrastructure may offer citizens recreational activities as well as chances for learning and community involvement, which can improve quality of life. In addition to promoting social cohesiveness and community resilience, this can improve quality of life. Promote economic development: By luring tourists, assisting neighbourhood businesses, and generating employment in the green industry, green infrastructure can help boost regional economies. Overall, there is a strong connection between urban growth and green infrastructure, and including green infrastructure into urban design and planning can support equitable, resilient, and sustainable urban development.

INTERROGATING SMART CITIES IN INDIA: DISCUSSING STRENGTHS AND LIMITATIONS OF ITS IMPACT ON HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENT

This paper attempts to explore the determination of health and environmental outcomes of smart cities mission (MoHuA, India) and other urban development programs in India. It assesses the programs, evaluates their successes and failures, outlines their complications and gaps in addressing the urban health and environment concerns specific to India and its potential health and environmental impact. The paper further looks at how models adopted by the WHO, World Bank and urban health experts seek to address these gaps, which projects in India could potentially benefit from. The paper concluded by calling for what urban health experts call, 'descriptive urban health frameworks' which addresses some of the challenges posed by India's Smart Cities programs. This paper finally concludes by suggesting that a more qualitative and equity informed urban health framework is necessary to address the gaps that smart cities program in India fail to address. By highlighting issues of sanitation, water, housing, poverty, marginalization and inequalities, the paper calls for a more nuanced approach in addressing the needs of cities, within the context of urban health and environment.

The "Heliópolis Case" and the political urban dispute in Brazil / El "Caso Heliópolis" y la disputa por la política urbana en Brasil / O "Caso Heliópolis" e a disputa pela política urbana no Brasil

Abstract This article uses a case study to analyze the actions of ruling classes and social movement organizations in urban politics. The study observes these groups' disputes and interactions with the state, and how different strategies, actions, and political projects of the subaltern classes have influenced the orientation of urban development. In a broad time-scale approach, the article discusses relations of hegemony, the process of institutionalization of movements, disputes in society and within the state, and the heterogeneity of the political projects that guide the subaltern classes.

Resumen Este artículo analiza, a partir de un estudio de caso, la actuación de las clases dominantes y de los movimientos sociales en la política urbana, sus disputas e interacciones con el Estado, y cómo diferentes estrategias, acciones y proyectos políticos de las clases subalternas influyeron en el desarrollo urbano. En un abordaje de amplia escala temporal, se debate las relaciones de hegemonía, el proceso de institucionalización de los movimientos, las disputas en la sociedad y en el interior del Estado, y la heterogeneidad de proyectos políticos que orientan a las clases subalternas.

Resumo Este artigo analisa, a partir de um estudo de caso, a atuação das classes dominantes e dos movimentos sociais na política urbana, suas disputas e interações com o Estado, e como diferentes estratégias, ações e projetos políticos das classes subalternas influem na orientação do desenvolvimento urbano. Em uma abordagem de ampla escala temporal, a discussão perpassa as relações de hegemonia, o processo de institucionalização dos movimentos, as disputas na sociedade e no interior do Estado, bem como a heterogeneidade de projetos políticos que orientam as classes subalternas.

The influence of context in the implementation of a smart city project: the case of Cidade Inteligente Búzios / La influencia del contexto en la implementación de un proyecto de ciudad inteligente: el caso de Cidade Inteligente Búzios / A influência do contexto na implantação de um projeto de cidade inteligente: o caso Cidade Inteligente Búzios

Abstract The growth of urban population is widely acknowledged to be a central trend that poses challenges for the administration of cities worldwide. In this context, several advances in information and communication technologies (ICTs) have been developed to gradually transform urban centers into smart cities. In this article, we seek to contribute to filling a knowledge gap in the literature on smart city - namely the lack of empirical data in works on this subject - by investigating a project aimed at turning the municipality of Búzios in Brazil into a smart city, named Cidade Inteligente Búzios (CIB). Our objective is, thus, to describe and understand the controversial influence of the context in the implementation of the project, which was considered a success for some actors and irrelevant for others, a situation that defies the very concept of success in the implementation of smart cities.

Resumen El crecimiento de la población urbana es reconocido como una tendencia que desafía a la administración de las ciudades de todo el mundo. En este contexto, varios avances en las tecnologías de la información y la comunicación (TIC) se han desarrollado para transformar gradualmente centros urbanos en ciudades inteligentes. En este artículo, intentamos llenar a un vacío de conocimiento en la literatura actual sobre ciudades inteligentes, la ausencia de dados empíricos en trabajos sobre el tema, investigando el proyecto de transformación de la ciudad de Búzios en Brasil en una ciudad inteligente, denominado Cidade Inteligente Búzios (CIB). Así, tenemos el objetivo de plantear y entender la controvertida influencia del contexto en el desarrollo dese proyecto, puesto que el emprendimiento ha sido considerado un suceso por algunos actores, mientras como irrelevante por los otros, lo que desafía el propio concepto de suceso en la implantación de ciudades inteligentes.

Resumo O crescimento da população urbana é reconhecido como uma tendência que desafia a administração das cidades ao redor do mundo. Nesse contexto, vários avanços nas tecnologias de informação e comunicação (TICs) vêm sendo desenvolvidos para transformar gradualmente os centros urbanos em cidades inteligentes. Por meio deste artigo, procuramos contribuir para preencher uma lacuna de conhecimento na literatura atual sobre cidades inteligentes — a falta de dados empíricos em trabalhos sobre esse assunto — investigando um projeto que visa transformar o município de Búzios no Brasil em uma smart city, denominado Cidade Inteligente Búzios (CIB). Assim, o objetivo deste artigo é descrever e entender a controversa influência do contexto na implantação do projeto, já que o empreendimento foi considerado um sucesso por alguns atores, e, ao mesmo tempo, irrelevante por outros, o que desafia o próprio conceito de sucesso na implantação de cidades digitais.

Método multicriterial para avaliação do risco ambiental no comércio de combustíveis na primeira légua patrimonial de Belém (Pará) / Multi-criteria method for environmental risk assessment of fuel trade within the first urban mile of Belém (Pará)

RESUMO Este artigo apresenta um modelo simplificado de análise sobre o potencial de risco associado à existência de postos de comércio de combustíveis no contexto urbano, que considera três critérios de análise: operacional, normativo e ambiental. Esses critérios estão distribuídos entre oito variáveis de controle, internas e externas, as quais são valoradas a partir de informações quantitativas e qualitativas facilmente disponibilizadas, e que foram empregadas na determinação das notas de risco de 67 postos de combustíveis existentes na primeira légua patrimonial (PLP) da cidade de Belém, Pará, o primeiro rossio da cidade, demarcado pela coroa Portuguesa em 1616, com o fim de obtenção da Nota de Risco de Postos de Combustível e produção do Mapa de Potencial de Risco dos bairros da PLP. Os resultados demonstram que a maioria dos postos de combustíveis existentes na PLP possui risco alto e poucos impõem risco grave e médio.

ABSTRACT This paper introduces a simple model to assess potential risk of gas stations in urban areas, which takes into account three dimensions of analysis: operational, normative, and environmental. These dimensions are distributed in eight internal and external control variables, which, in turn, are valued by qualitative and quantitative interpretation of easily available local data. The proposed model was applied to evaluate 67 gas stations located within the first urban mile of Belém, Pará, Brazil, which is characterized as the first demarcation of land granted by the Portuguese crown in the foundation of Belém, in 1616, in order to obtain the risk rating for gas station and also to produce the potential risk map for first urban area districts. Results show that most of the gas stations in the first urban mile presents high risk, whereas only a few possesses important and medium risk.

DESARROLLO URBANO SUSTENTABLE: EL GRAN DESAFÍO PARA AMÉRICA LATINA Y LOS PREPARATIVOS PARA HÁBITAT III / SUSTAINABLE URBAN DEVELOPMENT: THE GREAT CHALLENGE FOR LATIN AMERICA AND THE PREPARATIONS FOR HABITAT III

El objetivo de este trabajo fue explorar los principales retos que tendrán que afrontar en las próximas décadas los gobiernos locales de América Latina, para reorientar el desarrollo urbano hacia la construcción de ciudades sustentables, de cara a La Nueva Agenda Urbana avalada en la Conferencia Internacional sobre Hábitat y Desarrollo Urbano Sostenible - Hábitat III. El desordenado y progresivo crecimiento de las ciudades latinoamericanas, sus condiciones actuales de desarrollo humano y las perspectivas económicas de la Región, como principales elementos de análisis de la investigación, permitieron identificar tres principales retos: la construcción de ciudades resilientes, incluyentes y equitativas; el fortalecimiento de la gobernabilidad local mediante la efectiva participación informada en la toma de decisiones por parte de la ciudadanía, y por último, el reconocimiento del componente cultural en la formulación de políticas públicas de gestión ambiental del territorio, como pilar básico en la lucha contra el cambio climático y el logro del desarrollo sustentable.

The aim of this study was to explore the main challenges that local governments in Latin America will have to face in the coming decades regarding the reorientation of urban development towards building sustainable cities with regard to The New Urban Agenda cosigned in the International Conference on Sustainable Urban Development and Habitat - Habitat III. The messy and progressive growth of Latin American cities, their current conditions of human development and the economic prospects of the region, as the main elements of analysis in this research, allowed the identification of three main challenges: building resilient, inclusive and equitable cities; strengthening local governance through effective informed participation in decision-making by citizens; and the recognition of the cultural component in the formulation of public policies for environmental management planning, as a basic foundation in the fight against climate change and the achievement of sustainable development.

Automóveis e automobilismo no Rio de Janeiro de 1954 a 1959 / Automobiles and motorsport in Rio de Janeiro between 1954 and 1959

Este artigo buscou evidenciar a trajetória do automobilismo carioca, de 1954 a 1959, demarcando as interseções entre a produção em massa dos automóveis nacionais, sua influência no desenvolvimento urbano do Rio de Janeiro, e a mudança de habitus que a sociedade começava a vivenciar. Metodologicamente foi utilizada uma análise documental aliada a uma pesquisa bibliográfica. Como fonte primária utilizou-se a Revista de Automóveis e os resultados apontaram para: um desenvolvimento urbano liderado pelo automóvel, uma sociedade que transformou os carros em testemunha e cúmplice de sua vida pública e privada, e um automobilismo mal administrado que se deslocou pela cidade de acordo com o crescimento desta

This article searched to evidence the motorsport trajectory in Rio de Janeiro between 1954 and 1959, demarcating the intersections among the national automobiles mass production, its influence in the city development and the habitus change that the society started to live. Methodologically a documentary analysis combined with a literature search was used. As research source was used the magazine "Revista de Automóveis" and the results pointed to: an urban growth leaded by automobiles, a society that transformed them in witness and accomplice of its public and private life, and a motorsport mismanaged which ran through the city according to its growing

Las unidades de planificación y gestión territorial como directriz para la zonificación urbana / Planning units and land management as guidelines for urban zoning

El presente artículo, derivado de investigación, presenta el marco conceptual y metodológico resultados del estudio de las Unidades de Planificación Territorialy de Gestión como Instrumento Operativo para la toma de Decisiones Urbano Rural, los POTs y PDM, instrumentos de planteamiento en el corto, mediano y largo plazo, en este orden la zonificación del territorio se convierte en la alternativa para plantear y fortalecer las Unidades de Gestión y Planificación Territorial donde se debe fortalecer la institucionalidad a partir de la incorporación de los actores y sectores público, privado y sociedad civil.

This current article, derived from a piece of research, introduces in the theoretical and methodological frameworks, the results of a study of the Land Planning Units and of Management as an Operational Instrument for the Rural-Urban decisionmaking, the Territorial Ordering Plan –TOP– and Municipal Development Plan –MDP–, instruments of approach in the short, medium and long terms; in this order, the zoning of the territory becomes an alternative to raise and to strengthen the Management Units and the Territorial Planning, where the institutional framework must be consolidated from the incorporation of public, private actors and sectors, and the civil society.

Lazer para todos? Análise de acessibilidade de alguns parques de Curitiba, PR / Leisure for all? - accessibility analysis of some parks in Curitiba, Parana State

This article aims to reflect about the accessibility of some public spaces in Curitiba and the right to leisure of the members of a wheelchair users group called "A União faz a Força". To this end, the following specific objectives were established: identify leisure spaces known by the group "A União faz a Força"; analyze the accessibility of these spaces using a script; and investigate the facilities and difficulties encountered by the group members in using these leisure spaces. This investigation was developed based on a qualitative approach, using the triangulation of data collected in semi-structured interviews with wheelchair users, the systematic observation of four leisure spaces, as well as the rides taken by the group at the parks as theoretical referential. It is worth mentioning that, although Curitiba presents facilities, it also presents many difficulties related to accessibility, which reduce the mobility of disabled persons in the city and hinder their access to leisure installations. Observing the public spaces, we also found several obstacles that prevent the use of recreational equipment and restrooms. Therefore, it is possible to conclude that the lack of accessibility observed in these spaces and in the urban mobility in Curitiba reduces the choice of leisure and restricts the right to leisure for the members of the group "A União faz a Força".

Este artigo busca refletir sobre a relação da acessibilidade de alguns espaços públicos de lazer de Curitiba com a garantia do direito ao lazer dos integrantes do grupo de cadeirantes A "União faz a Força". Para tanto, traçaram-se os seguintes objetivos específicos: identificar os espaços de lazer conhecidos pelo grupo "A União faz a Força"; analisar a acessibilidade desses espaços com um roteiro; e investigar as facilidades e dificuldades encontradas pelos integrantes do grupo no uso desses espaços sob o ponto de vista dos próprios usuários. Esta investigação foi desenvolvida a partir de uma abordagem qualitativa, sendo utilizada a estratégia de triangulação dos dados coletados em entrevistas semiestruturadas com pessoas cadeirantes, observação sistemática de quatro espaços de lazer da cidade, bem como dos passeios do grupo de cadeirantes realizados em dois parques com o referencial teórico. Destaca-se que, apesar de Curitiba possuir facilidades, ainda identificamos muitos problemas relacionados à acessibilidade, que reduzem a mobilidade da pessoa com deficiência na cidade e dificultam o acesso aos espaços de lazer. Também encontramos várias barreiras que impedem o uso dos equipamentos de lazer, como também o uso dos sanitários nos espaços públicos observados. Conclui-se, portanto, que a falta de acessibilidade encontrada nesses espaços e na mobilidade urbana de Curitiba reduzem a possibilidade de escolha do lazer e consequentemente restringem a garantia do direito ao lazer para os integrantes do grupo "A União faz a Força".

A participação em conselhos como instrumento de gestão municipal / The Participation in the councils as an instrument of municipal management

Este trabalho parte do desenvolvimento urbano sustentável e das políticas públicas como forma de promovê-lo. Os conselhos gestores de políticas públicas estão presentes em todos os níveis de governo, especialmente após a Constituição Federal de 1988. Tomou-se então para análise o município de Santo André pertencente à Região Metropolitana de São Paulo e quatro de seus 23 conselhos municipais relacionados à: Política Urbana, Política Ambiental, Orçamento Participativo e Gestão da Área de Mananciais. Para alcançar o objetivo de analisar o funcionamento dos conselhos municipais de Santo André, buscando reconhecer os pontos em que são exemplares e as ineficiências, foi realizada pesquisa de campo e entrevistas com gestores municipais e conselheiros. As principais conclusões são que Santo André é um caso exemplar em gestão compartilhada, com diversas experiências positivas que, indo muito além das exigências legais de abertura de canais de participação, reiteram a disposição do governo municipal em abrir para a sociedade civil canais de diálogo e deliberação. Porém, não existe uniformidade na atuação dos conselhos e ainda existem problemas, principalmente relacionados com a paridade numérica e a disparidade de condições para que haja um real compartilhamento de poder nos conselhos.

This work parts from sustainable urban development and the public policies as a way to promote it. The public policies management councils are present in all levels of the government, especially after the 1988 Federal Constitution. It was taken for analysis the city of Santo André, which belongs to the metropolitan region of São Paulo, and four of its 23 municipal councils related to: Urban Policy, Environmental Policy, Participatory Budget and Management of the Source Water Area. To achieve the objective of analyzing the municipal councils of Santo André, trying to recognize the places in which it is exemplary and its inefficiencies, we carried out field research and interviews with municipal managers and council members. The main conclusions are that Santo André is an exemplary case of shared management, with various positive experiences that, going far beyond the legal requirements for openings channels of participation, reaffirm the willingness of the municipal government to open channels for civil society dialogue and deliberation. However, there is no uniformity in the actions of the councils and there still are problems, mainly related to the numeric parity and the disparity of conditions so that there is a real sharing of power in the councils. However, there is no uniformity in the performance of councils and there are still problems, mainly related to numeric parity and disparity of conditions so that there...

Densidad de sitios para anidar y su uso por dos especies de pájaro carpintero (Melanerpes rubricapillus y M. chrysauchen) (Piciformes: Picidae) en un gradiente urbano de Costa Rica / Density of nesting sites and their use by two species of woodpeckers (Melanerpes rubricapillus and M. chrysauchen) (Piciformes: Picidae) in an urban gradient of Costa Rica

Density of nesting sites and their use by two woodpecker species (Melanerpes rubricapillus y M. chrysauchen) (Piciformes: Picidae) along an urban gradient, Costa Rica. I examined the density of nesting substrates potentially used by two woodpeckers (Melanerpes rubricapillus and M. chrysauchen) along an urban gradient, and their nest density in three sites with different human intervention in Golfito, Costa Rica. The urban and semi-urban sites had the lowest abundance of natural substrates for nesting, as expected by the effect of urban development. Nest abundance was greater in the semiurban site than in other sites, possibly in relation with a greater abundance of woodpeckers. Nests had a grouping distribution, which might reflect the preference of woodpeckers for nesting in natural substrates. The reduction of artificial and natural substrates in urban areas could decrease density population of these two woodpecker species. Rev. Biol. Trop. 57 (Suppl. 1): 351-355 Epub 2009 November 30.

Examiné la densidad de sustratos potencialmente utilizables para anidar por parte de dos especies de pájaros carpinteros (Melanerpes rubricapillus y M. chrysauchen), a lo largo de un gradiente urbano, así como la densidad de sus nidos, haciendo una búsqueda exhaustiva en tres sitios en Golfito, Costa Rica. El área urbana y semi-urbana tuvo la menor densidad de sustratos naturales. La densidad de nidos fue mayor en el área semi-urbana que en los otros dos sitios, posiblemente debido a una mayor abundancia de carpinteros. Los nidos se distribuyeron de forma agrupada, indicando a una mayor preferencia de los carpinteros por anidar en sustratos naturales. Una remoción de los sustratos artificiales podría causar una disminución de la población de ambas especies de carpinteros.

Agua y mortalidad en Barranquilla 1920-1940, del imaginario social a la realidad empírica: una mirada desde la Historia y la Salud Pública / Water supply and mortality in Barranquilla 1920-1940, from social imaginary to an empirical reality: a glance throughout the history and Public Health

Objetivo: Comprender cómo, durante el proceso de urbanización iniciado por la Compañía Urbanizadora el Prado en 1920, se construyó en Barranquilla un imaginario social que daba cuenta de altos niveles de salubridad en la ciudad en los años 30s como consecuencia de la puesta en marcha en 1929 de un moderno acueducto, pese a evidencias empíricas que mostraban que el nuevo servicio de agua no había impactado positivamente la mortalidad general e infantil por enfermedades hídricas durante la década posterior a su inauguración. Materiales y métodos: Desde la perspectiva de la Investigación Total se realizó un estudio descriptivo integrando las perspectivas metodológicas de la Historia y la Epide- miología, utilizando fuentes primarias y secundarias de tipo histórico y primario de tipo epidemiológico. Resultados: Los resultados empíricos sobre el comportamiento de la mortalidad mostraron que el acueducto inaugurado en 1929 no produjo impacto positivo alguno en las tasas de mortalidad general, infantil y específica por enfermedades hídricas, mientras que la revisión documental de carácter histórico, permitió construir argumentos para describir las razones que dieron origen al imaginario social del aumento de la salubridad como consecuencia de la puesta en marcha del nuevo acueducto. Conclusión: El mito histórico de buenos niveles de salubridad en la Barranquilla de los años 30s como consecuencia del suministro de agua por el acueducto inaugurado en 1929 resulta inaceptable desde una investigación total que conjuga la visión histórica y epidemiológica...

Objective: To understand how, during the process of urbanization initiated by the Compañía Urbanizadora el Prado in 1920, a social imaginary in Barranquilla was constructed. One that presented the high levels of wellness in the city in the 30's, as a result of the 1929 implementation of a modern aqueduct, in spite of empirical evidence which showed that the new water service had not had a positive impact on infantile mortality and general mortality due to water diseases during the decade after its inauguration. Materials and methods: From the perspective of the Total Research, a descriptive study was realized integrating the methodological perspectives from the History and the Epidemiology, using primary and secondary sources of historical type and primary of epidemiological type. Results: The empirical results on the behavior of the mortality showed that the aqueduct inaugurated in 1929 did not produce any positive impact in the rates of general, infantile and specific mortality for water diseases, whereas the revision of historical documents character, allowed to construct arguments to describe the reasons that gave origin to the social imaginary of the increase of wellness as consequence of the implementation of the new aqueduct. Conclusion: The historical myth of good levels of wellness in Barranquilla during the30s as consequence of the water supply from the aqueduct inaugurated in 1929 turns outto be unacceptable from a Total Research point of view that brings together the historical and epidemiological vision...